Encapsulation

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Encapsulation prevents data from unwanted access by encapsulating data in a single object.

In a programming language, methods and properties that correspond to actions and attributes respectively are kept under a unit called object. The advantage of encapsulation is that the implementation is not accessible to the client. The user has to know only the functionality of encapsulated unit and information to be supplied to get the result.

Abstraction is supported using interface and abstract class while Encapsulation is supported using access modifiers e.g. public, private and protected.

NIIT

1. Explain different type of identity? [SQL Server]
2. What is scope_identity? [SQL Server]
3. What is CodePage?[SQL Server]
4. What is an Assembly?
5. What are the benefits of MSIL?
6. Describe ASP.NET Page Life Cycle?
7. Write down ASP.NET Page events?
8. What is the use of Interface?
9. What are the differences between VB.NET and C#.NET?
10. what are soap headers and soap extensions ?
11. can we return a Person type object from a web method ? what will be the WSDL then of this webservice ?
12. which method we use in webservices to send the request ? Get or Post ? explian
13. what is WSDL in webservices ?
14. Can we return a dataset from w webservice 
15. how can u do authentication a webservice ? so that only the person that have writes able to hit our service ?

--------------------------------
(1, 2)
 In most of our application scenario, we need to get latest inserted row information through SQL query. And for that, we have multiple options like:

SELECT @@IDENTITY  -- 
SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY()
SELECT IDENT_CURRENT('table name')

All three functions return last-generated identity values. However, the scope and session on which last is defined in each of these functions differ.

SELECT @@IDENTITY --
It returns the last IDENTITY value produced on a connection, regardless of the table that produced the value, and regardless of the scope of the statement that produced the value.
@@IDENTITY will return the last identity value entered into a table in your current session. While @@IDENTITY is limited to the current session, it is not limited to the current scope. If you have a trigger on a table that causes an identity to be created in another table, you will get the identity that was created last, even if it was the trigger that created it.

SELECT SCOPE_IDENTITY()--
It returns the last IDENTITY value produced on a connection and by a statement in the same scope, regardless of the table that produced the value.
SCOPE_IDENTITY(), like @@IDENTITY, will return the last identity value created in the current session, but it will also limit it to your current scope as well. In other words, it will return the last identity value that you explicitly created, rather than any identity that was created by a trigger or a user defined function.

SELECT IDENT_CURRENT('table name') --
It returns the last IDENTITY value produced in a table, regardless of the connection that created the value, and regardless of the scope of the statement that produced the value.
IDENT_CURRENT is not limited by scope and session; it is limited to a specified table. IDENT_CURRENT returns the identity value generated for a specific table in any session and any scope.
========================================================================
(4) Assembly is a pre compiled code of .net clr in form of DLL or self executing file .EXE. It is of two forms private assembly and public assembly
private assembly is kept in the local folder of the project while the public assembly is kept in GAC.
public assembly has 4 main parts (Face value, version, public key token, culture info). public assebly is also called strong name assembly.
========================================================================
(5) MSIL -- Microsoft intermediate language
C# code --> CLR --> MSIL(can be read by any language) --> JIT --> Machine language

Insight WCF (windows communication foundation)

Advantage

1. WCF is interoperable with other services when compared to .Net Remoting,where the client and service have to be .Net.
2. WCF services provide better reliability and security in compared to ASMX web services.
3. In WCF, there is no need to make much change in code for implementing the security model and changing the binding. Small changes in the configuration will make your requirements.
4. WCF has integrated logging mechanism, changing the configuration file settings will provide this functionality. In other technology developer has to write the code.

Features	Web Service	WCF
Hosting	It can be hosted in IIS	It can be hosted in IIS, windows activation service, Self-hosting, Windows service
Programming	[WebService] attribute has to be added to the class	[ServiceContraact] attribute has to be added to the class
Model	[WebMethod] attribute represents the method exposed to client	[OperationContract] attribute represents the method exposed to client
Operation	One-way, Request- Response are the different operations supported in web service	One-Way, Request-Response, Duplex are different type of operations supported in WCF
XML	System.Xml.serialization name space is used for serialization	System.Runtime.Serialization namespace is used for serialization
Encoding	XML 1.0, MTOM(Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism), DIME, Custom	XML 1.0, MTOM, Binary, Custom
Transports	Can be accessed through HTTP, TCP, Custom	Can be accessed through HTTP, TCP, Named pipes, MSMQ,P2P, Custom
Protocols	Security	Security, Reliable messaging, Transactions

Endpoints will be mentioned in the web.config file on the created service.

<system.serviceModel><services>
      <service name="MathService"
        behaviorConfiguration="MathServiceBehavior">
       <endpoint
         address="http://localhost:8090/MyService/MathService.svc" contract="IMathService"
          binding="wsHttpBinding"/> 
      </service>
    </services>
    <behaviors>
      <serviceBehaviors>
        <behavior name="MathServiceBehavior">
          <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="True"/>
          <serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults="true" />
        </behavior>
      </serviceBehaviors>
    </behaviors>
  </system.serviceModel>

• There could be more than 1 end points in a webconfig. 
• for example,  One of the client will access SOAP using http and other client will access Binary using TCP. How it can be done?

• <system.serviceModel>

    <services>
      <service name="MathService"
        behaviorConfiguration="MathServiceBehavior">
      <endpoint address="http://localhost:8090/MyService/MathService.svc" 
        contract="IMathService"
          binding="wsHttpBinding"/><endpoint address="net.tcp://localhost:8080/MyService/MathService.svc" 
contract="IMathService"
          binding="netTcpBinding"/> 
      </service>
    </services>
    <behaviors>
      <serviceBehaviors>
        <behavior name="MathServiceBehavior">
          <serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="True"/>
          <serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults="true" />
        </behavior>
      </serviceBehaviors>
    </behaviors>
  </system.serviceModel>

---------------------------------------------

>> Addresss contain the location of service and transport schema. 

   HTTP, TCP, MSMQ, Peer Network

>> example, http://localhost/service/callme

   net.tcp://localhost/service/callme

>> ABC (end points)

>> Contracts type
   Service Contract
   Data Contract
   Fault Contract

   Message contract

>> [ServiceContract] - defines which operation client can perform on services.

   sub types -
1) service contract - define interfaces.
2) operation contract - define methods inside interfaces. 

>> [servicecontract]
interface Icontract
{
 [operationcontract]

   string myMethod();

}

Class Myservice:Icontract
{
   public string myMethod()
   { return "hello"; }
}

Insight MVC interview question

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Where are the routing rules defined in an asp.net MVC application?
In Application_Start event in Global.asax

 protected void Application_Start()
        {
            .....

            RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
        }

public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
        {
            routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
 
            routes.MapRoute(
                "Default", // Route name
                "{controller}/{action}/{id}", // URL with parameters
                new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional } // Parameter defaults
            );
 
            routes.MapRoute(
                "TwoParameters", // Route name
                "{controller}/{action}/{parentId}/{id}", // URL with parameters
                new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", parentId = "", id = UrlParameter.Optional } // Parameter defaults
            );
        }



What are the different return type controllers action method supports in ASP.NET MVC?



There are total nine return types we can use to return results from controller to view. 
The base type of all these result types is ActionResult.

1. ViewResult (View) : This return type is used to return a webpage from an action method.
2. PartialviewResult (Partialview) : This return type is used to send a part of a view which will be rendered in another view.
3. RedirectResult (Redirect) : This return type is used to redirect to any other controller and action method depending on the URL.
4. RedirectToRouteResult (RedirectToAction, RedirectToRoute) : This return type is used when we want to redirect to any other action method.
5. ContentResult (Content) : This return type is used to return HTTP content type like text/plain as the result of the action
6. jsonResult (json) : This return type is used when we want to return a JSON message.
7. javascriptResult (javascript) : This return type is used to return JavaScript code that will run in browser.
8. FileResult (File) : This return type is used to send binary output in response.
9. EmptyResult : This return type is used to return nothing (void) in the result. 





Action Filtering in ASP.NET MVC Applications

Action Filters allow us to add pre-action and post-action behavior to controller action methods.n action filter is a .NET class that inherits from FilterAttribute or one of its subclasses, usually ActionFilterAttribute, which adds the OnActionExecuting, OnActionExecuted, OnResultExecuting, and OnResultExecuted methods, providing hooks for code to be executed both before and after the action and result are processed.ASP.NET MVC provides several action filters out of the box:

Authorize – checks to see whether the current user is logged in, and matches a provided username or role name (or names), and if not it returns a 401 status, which in turn invokes the configured authentication provider.
ChildActionOnly – used to indicate that the action method may only be called as part of a parent request, to render inline markup, rather then returning a full view template.
OutputCache – tells ASP.NET to cache the output of the requested action, and to serve the cached output based on the parameters provided.
HandleError – provides a mechanism for mapping exceptions to specific View templates, so that you can easily provide custom error pages to your users for specific exceptions (or simply have a generic error view template that handles all exceptions).
RequireHttps – forces a switch from http to https by redirecting GET requests to the https version of the requested URL, and rejects non-https POST requests.
ValidateAntiForgeryToken – checks to see whether the server request has been tampered with. Used in conjunction with the AntiForgeryToken HTML Helper, which injects a hidden input field and cookie for later verification (Here’s a post showing one way you can enable this across the board).
ValidateInput – when set to false, tells ASP.NET MVC to set ValidateRequest to false, allowing input with potentially dangerous values (i.e. markup and script). You should properly encode any values received before storing or displaying them, when request validation is disabled. Note that in ASP.NET 4.0, request validation occurs earlier in the processing pipeline, so in order to use this attribute, you must set the following value in your web.config file: 

<httpRuntime requestValidationMode="2.0"/>

Insight Regular Expression.

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Namespace for regular expression is
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;

The next thing is to create the regex object with the pattern. The below pattern specifies to search for alphabets between a-z with 10 length.
Regex obj = new Regex(“[a-z]{10}”);

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Finally search the pattern over the data to see if there are matches. In case the pattern is matching the ‘IsMatch’ will return true.
MessageBox.Show(obj.IsMatch(“Andrew1234”).ToString());

regex syntax is mainly depend on use of bracket, caret and dollar. 

B	There are 3 types of brackets used in regular expression Square brackets “[“and Curly “{“ brackets. Square brackets specify the character which needs to be matched while curly brackets specify how many characters. “(“ for grouping. We will understand the same as we move ahead in this article.
C	caret “^” the start of a regular expression.
D	Dollar “$” specifies the end of a regular expression.

Example :

^[a-e]{1,2}$ 

explains a expression with aphabets between a and e with minimum size of 1 and maximum size of 2

Validate invoice numbers which have formats like LJI1020, the first 3 characters are alphabets and remaining is 8 length number?

^[a-z]{3}[0-9]{8}$

make above validation case insensitive

^[a-zA-Z]{3}[0-9]{8}$

Simple validation of website URL

Insight Short topics

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Order of lifecyle of ASP.NET page in mvc

App initialization
Routing
Instantiate and execute controller
Locate and invoke controller action
Instantiate and render view

=============================================================
Overloading
Overloading is when you have multiple methods in the same scope, with the same name but different signatures.
//Overloading
public class test
{
    public void getStuff(int id)
    {}
    public void getStuff(string name)
    {}
}

Overriding
Overriding is a principle that allows you to change the functionality of a method in a child class.
//Overriding
public class test
{
        public virtual getStuff(int id)
        {
            //Get stuff default location
        }
}

public class test2 : test
{
        public override getStuff(int id)
        {
            //base.getStuff(id);
            //or - Get stuff new location
        }
}

DELETE 
1. DELETE is a DML Command. 
2. DELETE statement is executed using a row lock, each row in the table is locked for deletion. 
3. We can specify filters in where clause 
4. It deletes specified data if where condition exists. 
5. Delete activates a trigger because the operation are logged individually. 
6. Slower than truncate because, it keeps logs. 
7. Rollback is possible. 

TRUNC ATE 
1. TRUNCATE is a DDL command. 
2. TRUNCATE TABLE always locks the table and page but not each row. 
3. Cannot use Where Condition. 
4. It Removes all the data. 
5. TRUNCATE TABLE cannot activate a trigger because the operation does not log individual row deletions. 
6. Faster in performance wise, because it doesn't keep any logs. 
7. Rollback is not possible. 

DELETE and TRUNCATE both can be rolled back when used with TRANSACTION. 

If Transaction is done, means COMMITED, then we can not rollback TRUNCATE command, but we can still rollback DELETE command from LOG files, as DELETE write records them in Log file in case it is needed to rollback in future from LOG files.

Unitofwork 

Unitofwork pattern can be applied on all tables having at least one identity column because UOW always check against this identity value to update or to add a new record.

When unitofwork.save() is called it check for change in identity column value. if the value of identity column say  219 does not exists in the table than it will simply insert the new record in table where as if the value of identity column say 219 is already exists than it will update the column against that identity column.

Insight ViewModel

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So far you made your Views display hardcoded HTML, but in order to create dynamic web applications, the View template should receive information from the Controller. One common technique to be used for that purpose is the ViewModel pattern.

• ViewModel allow you to shape multiple entities from one or more data models or sources in to a single object. It usually made to optimized for consumption and rendering by the views.

Why We Use ViewModel ?

1. If you need to pass more than one thing to a strongly-typed view (which is best practice),

    you will generally want to create a separate class to do so.

2. This allows you to validate your ViewModel differently than your domain model for

    attribute-based validation scenarios

3. Can be used to help shape and format data.

    e.g: need a date or money value formatted a particular way?

          ViewModel is the best place to do it.

4. The use of a ViewModel can make the interaction between model and view more simple

Best Practices When Using ViewModels

1. Put only data that you'll render (use in View) in the ViewModel

2. The View should direct the properties of the ViewModel, this way it fits better for rendering

    and maintenance

"Checking performance on SQL"

Hi , we will perform a sql performance test on union and union all in this case.

Please copy and paste the following script

/* Declare First Table */
DECLARE @Table1 TABLE (ColDetail VARCHAR(10))
INSERT INTO @Table1
SELECT 'First'
UNION ALL
SELECT 'Second'
UNION ALL
SELECT 'Third'
UNION ALL
SELECT 'Fourth'
UNION ALL
SELECT 'Fifth'
/* Declare Second Table */
DECLARE @Table2 TABLE (ColDetail VARCHAR(10))
INSERT INTO @Table2
SELECT 'First'
UNION ALL
SELECT 'Third'
UNION ALL
SELECT 'Fifth'

/* UNION ALL */
SELECT *
FROM @Table1
UNION ALL
SELECT *
FROM @Table2
/* UNION */
SELECT *
FROM @Table1
UNION
SELECT *
FROM @Table2
GO

Now turn on actual execution plan using CTRL+M.
Below you can see which query get expensive i.e. union as it return only distinct sort values.

"Stack, heap, value types, reference types, boxing, and unboxing"

In general,Stack memory -- Value types
Heap memory -- Reference types

When you declare a variable in a .NET application, it allocates some chunk of memory in the RAM. This memory has three things: the name of the variable, the data type of the variable, and the value of the variable.That was a simple explanation of what happens in the memory, but depending on the data type, your variable is allocated that type of memory. There are two types of memory allocation: stack memory and heap memory. In the coming sections, we will try to understand these two types of memory in more detail.

Stack and heap:

public void Method1()

{

    // Line 1

    int i=4;

    // Line 2

    int y=2;

    //Line 3

    class1 cls1 = new class1();

}

It’s a three line code, let’s understand line by line how things execute internally.

Line 1: When this line is executed, the compiler allocates a small amount of memory in the stack. The stack is responsible for keeping track of the running memory needed in your application.

Line 2: Now the execution moves to the next step. As the name says stack, it stacks this memory allocation on top of the first memory allocation. You can think about stack as a series of compartments or boxes put on top of each other.

Memory allocation and de-allocation is done using LIFO (Last In First Out) logic. In other words memory is allocated and de-allocated at only one end of the memory, i.e., top of the stack.

Line 3: In line 3, we have created an object. When this line is executed it creates a pointer on the stack and the actual object is stored in a different type of memory location called ‘Heap’. ‘Heap’ does not track running memory, it’s just a pile of objects which can be reached at any moment of time. Heap is used for dynamic memory allocation. 

One more important point to note here is reference pointers are allocated on stack. The statement, Class1 cls1;does not allocate memory for an instance of Class1, it only allocates a stack variable cls1 (and sets it to null). The time it hits the new keyword, it allocates on "heap".

Now finally the execution control starts exiting the method. When it passes the end control, it clears all the memory variables which are assigned on stack. In other words all variables which are related toint data type are de-allocated in ‘LIFO’ fashion from the stack.

The big catch – It did not de-allocate the heap memory. This memory will be later de-allocated by the garbage collector.

Dynamic v. Strongly Type MVC views

There are three ways to pass information from a controller to a view in ASP.NET MVC 3:

1. As a strongly typed model object.
2. As a dynamic type (using @model dynamic)
3. Using the ViewBag

As a dynamic type (using @model dynamic)

@model dynamic

           

@{

    ViewBag.Title = "IndexNotStonglyTyped";

}

<h2>Index Not Stongly Typed</h2>

<p>

 <ul>

@foreach (var blog in Model) {

   <li>

    <a href="@blog.URL">@blog.Name</a>

   </li>   

}

 </ul>

</p>

Access modifiers

They are access modifiers and help us implement Encapsulation (or information hiding). They tell the compiler which other classes should have access to the field or method being defined.

Access modifiers can be apply to 
class, 
fields 
and methods. 

public :
private :
protected :
internal :
protected internal

Public - Any class can refer to the field or call the method. The type or member can be accessed by any other code in the same assembly or another assembly that references it.
The public keyword is an access modifier for types and type members. Public access is the most permissive access level.
There are no restrictions on accessing public members.
 Accessibility: 
Can be accessed by objects of the class

Can be accessed by derived classes

Private - Only the current class will have access to the field or method. This is the default access modifier type if none is formally specified. By default methods and fields are private. 
Accessibility: 
Cannot be accessed by object

Cannot be accessed by derived classes

Protected - Only the current class and sub classes (and sometimes also same-package classes) of this class will have access to the field or method. A protected member of a base class is accessible in a derived class only if the access takes place through the derived class type.
Accessibility: 
Cannot be accessed by object

Can be accessed by derived classes

public class A
    {
       protected int fieldA = 8;
    }
 
    public class B : A
    {
       public void MethodB()
       {
           A obja = new A();
           // obja.fieldA = 5; // Error
 
           B objb = new B();
           objb.fieldA = 23;
 
       }
 
    }

internal - Access is limited exclusively to classes defined within the current project assembly.  Internal member can b accessible anywhere whithin a project. By default Classes are internal

Class Modifiers:
A class can be…
public
private
internal
abstract
sealed
new

public: Instances of this class are available to any class that wants to access.
private: A nested class that can only be accessed inside the class in which it is defined.
internal: The class is only accessible from other classes in the same assembly. This is the default access for non-nested types. If no modifier is specified, the class has internal access.
abstract: An instance of the class cannot be created.Usually this means the class is intended to serve as a base class.
sealed: The class cannot serve as a base class for another class (it can’t be derived from). A class cannot be both abstract and sealed.
new: Used only with nested classes. “New” indicates that the class hides an inherited member of the same name.

Methods:
Methods can be declared as virtual, abstract , or sealed. Methods can be overloaded, overridden and hidden.
virtual methods can be overriden by a derived class using the override keyword.
abstract methods must be overriden in a derived class. If any method of a class is abstract, the entire class must be declared as abstract.

sealed methods are methods that override an inherited virtual method having the same signature. When a method is sealed, it cannot be overriden in a derived class.